Why I Would Be a Teacher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why I Would Be a Teacher - Essay Example My inward want to receive the calling of instructing mirrors my inherent inspiration though the applause and expert honors, which I need to get as an instructor, mirrors my extraneous inspiration to turn into an educator. One of the principle purposes behind me to turn into an instructor is that it will improve my relational abilities and level of certainty. When an individual interfaces with a huge gathering of individuals who are prepared to hear that individual, it expands the degree of certainty of that individual and makes him/her increasingly dynamic and confident. Something else, which settles on me remain on my choice to turn into an educator, is the job that an instructor plays in helping up the eventual fate of an age. I truly need to put a positive effect on the network by helping little youngsters in turning out to be excited and beneficial people for the general public. I not just need to build up their characters in a constructive manner yet in addition need to give such abilities to my understudies, which can assist them with making individual and expert progress later on. An instructor not just puts a positive effect on the network yet in addition picks up regard for his/her own family. Those youngsters, who increase a type of achievement in their future lives, remember the job of instructors in their prosperity. They regard and respect their educators at whatever point they meet them and that are probably the most great minutes for the instructors. I additionally need to gain such regard by assuming my job in the achievement of my understudies. Being a given resident, I need to assume my job in fortifying the establishments of my nation and that can be conceivable if the group of people yet to come of my nation will be completely talented and qualified in running monetary, mechanical, and other state matters capably. I need to demonstrate my promise to my understudies by making solid establishment for them whereupon they can fabricate the structure of their own and expert achievement. I need to have a genuine business rather than

The Three Great Compromises :: essays research papers

The Three Great Compromises The United States of America was established based on bargain, however what does bargain truly mean? As indicated by the Webster's New World Word reference bargain implies "an modification of restricting principles". Political frameworks use bargains in day by day life. The Three Great Compromises that happened right off the bat in this current country's legislature were the Connecticut Compromise, the 3/5 Compromise, lastly the Commerce & Slave Trade Compromise. Were it not for these trade offs the United States could at present be represented under the Articles of Conferderation. The Connecticut Compromise was the most significant trade off in the history of the U.S. government. The delegates from each state were going to change the legislature absolutely, from ground-breaking state governments to an incredible focal government, which they pledged not to do when they announced freedom from Britain. Rhode Island was so disturbed with changing the legislature that they didn't go to the gathering. At long last after all the discussing and each state getting their state, they "compromised" on an arrangement where they would have two administrative houses, one being the House of Representatives and the second being the Senate, with the Senate being the more grounded of the two houses. The Place of Representatives depended on each state's populace, that is the more individuals in the express the more agents that state would get. The Senate said that paying little mind to the state's populace each state would get two agents all with equivalent state. The 3/5 Compromise was essentially about slaves. The issue in this trade off was should slaves be meant deciding portrayal for each state? The North didn't need them to be checked on the grounds that they were viewed as assets, not residents, and that implied less portrayal for them. The South, on the other hand, needed them to be tallied in light of the fact that that implied that they could pass laws increasingly valuable toward the South since they would have more portrayal. So they "compromised" and said that each slave tallied 3/5 of an individual. The last trade off was the Commerce & Slave Trade Compromise. The issue here was should Congress have the option to direct exchange and should the United States proceed with slave exchanging? The North felt that Congress should control exchange furthermore, shut down slave exchanging. The South was dreadful of Northern envy of Southern horticulture exchange with England, and the South was likewise careful about Congress

Memorial Day Quotes by Ronald Reagan

Commemoration Day Quotes by Ronald Reagan Fortieth President of the United States, Ronald Reagan was a man of numerous hues. Beginning his profession as a radio telecaster and afterward as an on-screen character, Reagan proceeded onward to serve the country as a warrior. He at long last bounced into the political field to get one of the stalwarts of American legislative issues. Despite the fact that he began his political vocation very late throughout everyday life, it set aside him no effort to arrive at the Holy Grail of US legislative issues. Ronald Reagan won the races and was delegated as the President of United States of America in 1980. Reagan Was a Good Communicator Ronald Reagan was a decent communicator. His talks roused millions everywhere throughout the world. He had the talent of arriving at each American soul with his mixing words. His faultfinders excused his accomplishments, asserting that he smooth-talked his way into the White House. However, he quieted his faultfinders by serving two full terms as President. Reagan demonstrated that he was not loaded with tourist; he was a President who implied business. Military Climate During Reagans Tenure At the point when Reagan became ​president, he had acquired a discouraged military, which had experienced the assaults of the Vietnam War. In any case, Reagan considered this to be an open door for America to prepare herself through the Cold War. Indeed, Reagan was instrumental in finishing the Cold War as a result of his smooth discretion and determined military methodologies. It was the beginning of another period in American governmental issues. Reagan, alongside his Russian countryman Mikhail Gorbachev had quickened the harmony development by completion the Cold War. Soviet Unions Love-Hate Relationship With Reagan Ronald Reagan immensely refreshing American estimations of opportunity, freedom, and solidarity. He upheld these standards in his talks. Reagan talked about his vision of an energetic America, considering it a sparkling city on a slope. He later explained his analogy by saying, In my brain, it was a tall glad city based on rocks more grounded than seas, wind-cleared, God-favored, and overflowing with individuals of different sorts living in congruity and peace.Though Reagan was generally scrutinized for working up the weapons contest with the Soviet Union, many comprehended this as a vital shrewdness to relieve the Cold War. Reagans bet took care of when the Soviet Union, supported by Americas utilized muscles, decided to pull the atomic weapons contest into turn around gear. Reagan communicated his aversion for war by saying, It isn't bombs and rockets yet conviction and resolve it is quietude before God that is at last the wellspring of Americas quality as a country. Reagans Famous Words on Memorial Day On Memorial Day, Ronald Reagan tended to America with enthusiastic words. His words contacted a harmony in each heart. Reagan talked about nationalism, chivalry, and opportunity in moving words. His ardent addresses reminded Americans that they had purchased their opportunity with the blood of the saints who kicked the bucket guarding the country. Reagan stored acclaim on the groups of saints and veterans. Peruse some Memorial Day cites by Ronald Reagan beneath. In the event that you share his eagerness and soul, spread the message of tranquility on Memorial Day.â May 26, 1983: I dont need to disclose to you how delicate this valuable endowment of opportunity is. Each time we hear, watch or read the news, we are reminded that freedom is an uncommon product in this world.Arlington National Cemetery, May 31, 1982: The United States and the opportunity for which it stands, the opportunity for which they passed on, must suffer and thrive. Their lives advise us that opportunity isn't purchased efficiently. It has a cost; it forces a weight. What's more, similarly as they whom we honor were eager to forfeit, so too should we-in a less last, less courageous way be happy to give of ourselves.May 25, 1981: Today, the United States remains as a guide of freedom and vote based quality before the network of countries. We are set out to stand firm against the individuals who might annihilate the opportunities we treasure. We are resolved to accomplish a suffering harmony a harmony with freedom and with respect. This assurance, this purpose, is the mo st noteworthy tribute we can pay to the numerous who have fallen in the administration of our Nation. Arlington National Cemetery, May 31, 1982Our objective is harmony. We can pick up that harmony by fortifying our collusions, by talking authentically about the threats before us, by guaranteeing potential foes of our earnestness, by effectively seeking after each opportunity of legitimate and productive negotiation.May 26, 1983: We owe this opportunity of decision and activity to those people in uniform who have served this country and its inclinations in period of scarcity. Specifically, we are everlastingly obligated to the individuals who have given their lives that we may be free.Arlington National Cemetery, May 31, 1982: I cant guarantee to know the expressions of all the national songs of praise on the planet, however I dont know about some other that closes with an inquiry and a test as our own does: Does that banner despite everything wave oer the place where there is the free and the home of the daring? That is the thing that we should all ask.October 27, 1964: You and I have a meeting with fate. We will safeguard for our youngsters this, the last best any expectation of man on earth, or we will condemn them to venture out a thousand years of obscurity. In the event that we come up short, at any rate let our youngsters and our childrens kids state of us we legitimized our concise second here. We did everything that can possibly be finished. Phoenix Chamber of Commerce, March 30, 1961: Freedom is never more than one age away from annihilation. We didn't pass it to our kids in the circulation system. It must be battled for, ensured, and gave on for them to do likewise, or one day we will spend our dusk years telling our kids and our childrens youngsters what it was once similar to in the United States where men were free.

Isotopes Examples

Isotopes Examples Isotopes Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number, although all isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons in each atom. The term isotope is formed from the Greek roots isos (á ¼ ´ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š "equal") and topos (Ï„ÏÅ'πΠ¿Ãâ€š"place"), meaning "the same place". The number of protons within the atom’s nucleus is called the atomic number. Each atomic number identifies a specific element, but not the isotope; an atom of a given element may have a wide range in its number of neutrons. The number of both protons and neutrons in the nucleus is the atom's mass number, and each isotope of a given element has a different mass number. Stable isotopes are generally defined as non-radioactive isotopic elements that do not decay over time. Radioactive isotopes may also be classified as stable isotopes when their half-lives are too long to be measured. These elements can often be found to occur in nature and include isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, noble gases and metals. For example, there are a lot of carbon atoms in the universe. The normal ones are carbon-12. Those atoms have 6 neutrons. There are a few straggler atoms that don't have 6. Those odd ones may have 7 or even 8 neutrons. Carbon-14 actually has 8 neutrons. C-14 is considered an isotope of the element carbon. Examples of Isotopes: 1. Carbon-14 A naturally occurring radioactive isotope of carbon having six protons and eight neutrons in the nucleus. The isotope Carbon-14 is essential in the research of archaeological and biological remains by radiocarbon dating. C-14 does not last forever. There is a time when it loses its extra neutrons and becomes C-12. The loss of those neutrons is called radioactive decay. That decay happens regularly like a clock. For carbon, the decay happens in a few thousand years. Some elements take longer, and others have a decay that happens over a period of minutes. Archeologists are able to use their knowledge of radioactive decay when they need to know the date of an object they dug up in a process called carbon dating. 2. Iodine-131 It is an isotope because it contains a different number of neutrons from the element iodine. Normal iodine has a mass number of 127, so iodine-131 has 4 more neutrons. It has been found useful in radiation treatments for thyroid cancer treatment. Your thyroid gland absorbs nearly all of the iodine in your body. When radioactive iodine is taken into the body in liquid or capsule form, it concentrates in thyroid cells. The radiation can destroy the thyroid gland and any other thyroid cells, including cancer cells that take up iodine, with little effect on the rest of your body. Radioactive iodine therapy improves the survival rate of patients with thyroid cancer. 3. Tritium An isotope of hydrogen and is used to make things such as clock faces and wristwatches glow in the dark. Tritium provides an extremely bright self-activated, self-sustaining light source that will stay bright throughout the night and has a life span of twenty years.

Theater Beckett Godot - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1845 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Literature Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Assignment 1: Comparative Study How does Ionesco and Becketts dramaturgy in ‘Waiting for Godot and ‘The Bald Soprano express the absurdist and existentialist view that life is essentially meaningless. Ocà ©ane Herpin ‘Waiting for Godot and ‘The Bald Soprano are two of the most classic examples of why life is called the theatre of the absurd. The Theatre of the Absurd came about as a reaction to World War II. It took the basis of existential philosophy and combined it with dramatic elements to create a style of theatre which presented a universe which cannot be logically explained or defined; life is therefore meaningless and lacks purpose. The conventional qualities of traditional theatre: realistic characters and situations, comprehensible dialogues and a clear plot, were abandoned to convey this vision of absurdity. Instead, the characteristics which coincide with many of the plays in this modern absurdist theatre: broad comedy, tragic images, characters in hopeless situations, nonsensical dialogues full of clichà ©s and wordplay; plots that are cyclical or absurdly expansive were adopted and replaced the concept of the well-made play. Of these characteristics, this es say focuses on the dramaturgy, more specifically the cyclical dramaturgy that Beckett and Ionesco adopted in their plays, and how this is effective in expressing the absurdist and existentialist vision that life is inherently without meaning or purpose. As many Absurdist playwrights, Beckett and Ionesco did away with most of the logical structures of traditional theatre. Thus, ‘Waiting for Godot and ‘The Bald Soprano are often described as anti plays; they reject a coherent story-line, deviate from the traditional episodic structure, and seem to move in a circle, ending the same way they began. The plays have a beginning, but the beginning seems in a way arbitrary because what happened before the beginning does not seem important. The plays have an end, but the end somewhat recalls the beginning and thus a sense of circularity is created replacing the sense of closure that conventional stories generally provide. John W. Fiero makes an interesting observation t hat the ‘Ouroboros, a snake devouring its own tail, can serve as the new structural paradigm. It suggests an endless, tedious, and futile cycle. Becketts and Ionescos plays both rely on repetition and looping: in ‘Waiting for Godot the protagonists decide to move and then do not move, over and over again; the two sets of families in ‘The Bald Soprano become interchangeable at the end of the play. This reinforces the absurdist and existentialist idea of life as having no clear purpose and of life being an interminable waiting for a sense of purpose or closure that is unlikely ever to arrive. The seemingly endless waiting that Estragon and Vladimir undertake for the mysterious Godot reflects this idea and to effectively express it, Beckett abandons traditional plot development and creates a circular symmetrical movement throughout ‘Waiting for Godot. The second act parallels the first. Nothing new happens: Godot fails to appear in both acts, Vladimi r and Estragon find themselves caught in these pointless routines and repetitive pantomimes, further emphasizing the ridiculous purposelessness of their lives. In Act 2 the characters engage in ways that closely parallel the first act; the key difference seems to be an increased struggle in the second act to pass the time, which passed quickly in the first act because of Pozzo and Lucky, whose appearance is briefer in the second act. This pointless waiting and boredom makes Estragon more desperate to leave and Vladimir continually reminds him why they mustnt leave because theyre waiting for Godot: VLADIMIR: We cant. ESTRAGON: Why not? VLADIMIR: Were waiting for Godot. ESTRAGON: (despairingly) Ah! (Pause.) Youre sure it was here? Here we are given information that these two men are waiting for someone called Godot and Estragons tone suggests the possibility that it is not the first time and that they have done it before and been disappointed. This adds to the effect that there is no real beginning and their present situation is somewhat static. The characters want to go but feel stuck waiting for Godot. ESTRAGON: What about hanging ourselves? ESTRAGON: Dont lets do anything. VLADIMIR: Lets wait and see what he says. ESTRAGON: Who? VLADIMIR: Godot. They want to commit suicide, but have grown either too lethargic or too helpless to act on their desires, they are too caught up in their routines and habits. In their presence, even Pozzo catches on to this feeling, at the moment of his departure, they have an absurdly repetitive dialogue and Pozzo finds himself unable to leave: VLADIMIR: Adieu. POZZO: Adieu. ESTRAGON: Adieu [silence] POZZO: And thank you. VLADIMIR: Thank you POZZO: Not at all ESTRAGON: Yes yes POZZO: No no. [silence] POZZO: I seem to be unable[Long hesitation]to depart. ESTRAGON: Such is life. Paralysed, immobilised, forced to remain stationary, they must remain passive as well. Unable to act, they are capable only of waiting, waiting for the end they know will never come. But they remain still, in constant hope of being acted upon and remain in the same situation throughout the play, just as nothing really begun, nothing ever finishes. This structure of the play serves to reinforce the timelessness of their situation, thus emphasising on the pointlessness of their lives, that time passes by and nothing changes, but they remain in this static situation helplessly waiting for something, a reason or purpose to live, that they subconsciously know will never come to them. This similar cyclical, repetitive and absurd structure, ending where it first began, is adopted in Ionescos ‘Bald Soprano. In fact the Bald Soprano itself was inspired by the inane sentences Ionesco read again and again in the textbook he used to learn English. Already, Ionesco had acquired this sense of repetition and practical cyclical movement through his learning of a language. ‘The Bald Sopranos cyclical structure suggests that an infinite and tedious replay is possible but is aborted, not because there has to be an ending, but simply for practical necessity. Ionesco had to find a way to bring his play to closure; His first working solution was to end the action abruptly, using a sort of deus ex machina device in which the performance was closed down by the Superintendent of Police and his men, who open fire at the rebellious audience and simply order the theatre vacated. Other possibilities were considered but they were rejected as too problematic. Eventually, it was decided that the play should simply begin again, giving the work its cyclical structure. The final structural refinement was to substitute the Martins for the Smiths in the repeated opening. So the story begins again at the end, but the characters now play new roles. The actor that first played Mrs. Smith now plays Mrs. Martin; the former maid becomes the fire chief; and so on. [The play begins again with the Martins, who say exactly the same lines as the Smiths in the first scene, while the curtain softly falls] In ‘The Bald Soprano, the repetitive structure also parallels the language, one of the main themes in the play. Repetition is the perfect example of the freezing of language; the discussion between Mr. and Mrs. Smith for example. Following a long series of coincidences, told in exhaustive detail and in an irritating repetitive pattern (the same sentence structure, even the same sentences are repeated: How curious! How bizarre! What a coincidence!) The two come to the conclusion that they are married. Similarly to the characters in ‘Waiting for Godot, the characters in ‘The Bald Soprano find themselves caught up in a ridiculous, vicious cycle of repetition, nonsensical yet logically thought through. This also expresses an absurdist and existentialist view on society and its meaningless co nversation between people, words are used to express the most banal facts, but essentially they mean nothing, they express nothing but emptiness. This therefore reflects the meaninglessness of life in general. Also, there is a parallel symbolism between the circular structure of the play and the eminent presence of the clock. Both are a representation of time; Time is not linear, on the contrary it is circular, much like a clock, whose hands constantly turn in a circular motion. In ‘Waiting for Godot, the moon plays a similar role as a symbol which intensifies the passing of time and as an image of circularity. This repetitive cyclical structure also serves as a representation of memory (or lack thereof), a theme expressed in both ‘The Bald Soprano and ‘Waiting for Godot; life is happening to Vladimir and Estragon but they recall little of what is past and Mr and Mrs Smith only find out through a long conversational process that they are in fact married. In ‘Waiting for Godot and ‘The Bald Soprano we see that the [absurdist and existentialist] ideas that inform the plays also dictate their dramaturgy. In both plays there is little dramatic action (in the conventional sense); however the repetitive actions and dialogues serve to highlight that no matter how they try to fill time, nothing happens to change their existence. In Becketts ‘Waiting for Godot, plot is eliminated, and a timeless, circular quality emerges as Estragon and Vladimir spend their days waiting (but without any certainty of whom they are waiting for and whether he, or it, will ever come) In ‘The Bald Soprano this quality parallels language; The characters in ‘The Bald Soprano sit and talk, repeating the obvious until it sounds like nonsense, thus revealing the inadequacies and futility of verbal communication and conversation. The ridiculous, repetitive and purposeless behaviour and talk give the plays a sometimes comic s urface, but there is an underlying philosophical message, the absurdist and existentialist view that life is essentially without meaning or purpose. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Theater Beckett Godot" essay for you Create order Bibliography: Beckett, Samuel, 2006, Waiting for Godot, London, Faber and Faber Limited Ionesco, Eugene, 1958, The Bald Soprano Other Plays, New York, Grove Press Inc. Esslin, M., The Theater of the Absurd. 3rd ed. 2004, Vintage, USA. Graver, L., Beckett: Waiting for Godot: A Student Guide. 2nd ed. 2004 CUP, UK. Schechner, Richard, The Bald Soprano and The Lesson: An Inquiry into Play Structure https://www.drama21c.net/writers/ionesco/schechner1.htm: accessed on 31/08/08 Scope- Archive: Articles, Portals Special Issue, Anti-Theatre on Film https://www.scope.nottingham.ac.uk/article.php?issue=3id=85section=articleq=jean: accessed on 31/08/08 Niehuis, Terry, in an essay for Drama for Students, Gale, 1997 Waiting for Godot (Criticism). https://www.answers.com/topic/waiting-for-godot-play-8: accessed on 28/08/08 WCU- Spring 2006 Analyzing WAITING FOR GODOT. https://brainstorm-services.com/wcu-2005/godot-notes-05.html: accessed on 20/08/08 Godot https://samuel-beck ett.net/Penelope/Godot.html: accessed on 20/08/08 Answers.com, The Bald Soprano (Style) https://www.answers.com/topic/the-bald-soprano-play-4: accessed on 31/08/08 Answers.com, Waiting for Godot (Style) www.answers.com/topic/waiting-for-godot-play-5: accessed on 31/08/08 Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Theatre of the Absurd www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd: accessed on 20/08/08 Theatre of the Absurd Britannica Online Encyclopedia www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/2002/Theatre-of-the-Absurd: accessed on 28/08/08 Rà ©sumà © de la pià ¨ce En attendant Godot de Samuel Beckett 2006 www.etudes-litteraires.com/forum/sujet-592-resume-piece-attendant-godot-samuel-beckett: accessed on 31/08/08

Lincoln and Douglas Debates - 1171 Words

Lincoln and Douglas Debates The Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 were a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln, the republican candidate, and the incumbent Senator Stephen Douglas, a Democratic Party candidate, for a seat in the United States Senate. During the time period of the debates, Senators were elected by state legislators; therefore Lincoln and Douglas were competing for their respective parties to win control of the Illinois Legislature. The main issue for the debates was overwhelmingly about slavery and anything tied into dealing with slavery. â€Å"As the fifties wore on, an exhaustive, exacerbating and essentially futile conflict over slavery raged to the exclusion of nearly all other topics.† So, with slavery at†¦show more content†¦Lincoln as he had never before been aroused. It was at this time that he fully comprehended the fact that there was to be no peace on the slavery question until either freedom or slavery should triumph.† Lincoln was strongly opposed to popular sovereignty on the issue and believed that it would only help slavery endure for even longer. when the Judge reminds me that I have often said to him that the institution of slavery has existed for eighty years in some States, and yet it does not exist in some others, I agree to the fact, and I account for it by looking at the position in which our fathers originally placed it-restricting it from the new Territories where it had not gone, and legislating to cut off its source by the abrogation of the slave-trade thus putting the seal of legislation against its spread. The public mind did rest in the belief that it was in the course of ultimate extinction. But lately, I think-and in this I charge nothing on the Judges motives-lately, I think, that he, and those acting with him, have placed that institution on a new basis, which looks to the perpetuity and nationalization of slavery. And while it is placed upon this new basis, I say, and I have said, that I believe we shall not have peace upon the question until the opponents of slavery arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or, on the other hand,Show MoreRelatedThe Seven Lincoln Douglas Debates866 Words   |  4 PagesThe Seven Lincoln-Douglas debates were a series of political debates for a Senate seat of Illinois between Abraham Lincoln, Illinois lawyer and the Republican candidate, and Stephen A. Douglas, senator from Illinois since 1847, for the Democratic Party. Lincoln and Douglas held one debate in each in seven congressional districts in Illinois. 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Labor Relations for Civil Services Association - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLabor Relations for Civil Services Association. Answer: Introduction TheAlberta Union of Provincial Employees is a trade union in Canada which solely operates in Alberta. The union has about 84000 members as of December 2016. It is the largest labor union in Alberta. Most of the members of the union are the workers of public sector. The membership of the union is divided into four categories for the purpose of better administration namely people who are direct employees of the government, employees working in the health care sector, employees working in non-profit and private facilities and employees working in educational sector as well and municipal governments employees. The union also represents the members of a private company which was formerly an agency of the government. The union was established on 26th march 1919 when a founding meeting was held by a few employees of Alberta at first prebyterian church of north Edmonton. An agreement was made between them for the incorporation of Civil Services Association of Alberta and Judson Lambe was ele cted as the initial president. A crest had been adopted by the union which provided Unity Strength Protection ("AUPE | Alberta Union of Provincial Employees", 2017) Significant life events in the history of the union and its impact on the union and its members The first annual convention of the Civil Services Association was held on 1921 February which accounted to an overall cost of $202.65. Eleven provincial executive members along with eighteen delegates attended the first annual convention. W.T. Aiken who was a public works employee had been selected as their new precedent and irrespective of the behavior of a few politicians civil services employees were highly respected in the society those days. A need for legal recognition in the form of a full-fledged union had been identified by the leaders of CSA as it was growing in size considerably with 3000 members in 1970. About 300 members of the Department of Health Social Development in 1974, portrayed dissatisfaction with respect to changes in statutory holiday benefits in an arbitrary manner. The government did not provide any support to the employees and thus they went on strike which was carried on over a period of 10 days and resulted in significant wage increase for the employees. The strike had ended in 1st October 1974 when more than 10000 employees who directly worked for the government had left their jobs for two days as the government had imposed pay increase in an arbitrary manner which did not allow the employee to have a chance to bargain. The point raised by the employees had been won by them as the government agreed to their demand by allowing bargaining and negotiation for pay increase in a bona fide way. The Alberta Union of Provincial Employees was born legally on 14th June 1976 when the Civil Services Association was brought to an end by the legislature through a repealing in the Alberta Act. The day on which the union had been formed a budget of 43.4 Million had been boosted by the Union. The first president of the Union was the last president of CSA T.W. (Bill) Board. The founding convention of the Union was held at Chateau Lacombe Hotel on 18th November 1976 in Edmonton. As the operations of the union were conducted under the Societies Act the government still had to approve the decisions of the convention. However the practice came to an end when the Union changed its status to an unincorporated trade union on 17th November. The new union incorporated all aspects of CSA. The union got bargaining rights in relation to every group of employees who had a collective agreement with the union on 18th May 1977 through the Public Service Employee Relations Act (PSERA). In 1976 the new prime minister of Canada Pierre Elliot Trudeau had declared that bargaining and negotiations by employees over a prescribed limit illegal in relation to wages. The inception of the union initiated the same year when it declared to openly contest the government. After a series of unsuccessful negotiation the union declared strike knowing that the actions were illegal to challenge the rules and provisions made by the government. The government began to cut jobs and the membership of the union started to fall. The most challenging decade for the union was from 1987-1996 which witnessed various layoffs and privatization. The union had lost more than 3000 of its member over the period of 1992-1993 as a result of privatization of liquor store. In total 4700 jobs related to the health care sector had been lost between 1990-1993. All the reserve funds of the union had been used up when the new president Carol Ann Dean had been elected in 1992. A loan of $1 million accumulated over the union by 2004. A special convention was called for by the executives to address the financial crunch. The rebuilding period of the Union was between 1997-2004. This was because of the labor shortage of labor in the booming economy which provided for between bargaining powers to the union. In order to make up for previous roll backs the union concluded about 79 new agreements in 1997. In 1998 the employees the health care sector walked off their jobs for only a period of two hours which made them win the settlement (Selby, 2015). A major campaign had been launched by the union in 2007 with respect to changing the labor law of the country. It was argued by the union that the labor laws were not consistent to international standards and were unfair and prejudicial to the employees. In 2013 the union had launched the wild cat strike (Aupe. Org, 2017). Current issue faced by the union The union is currently bargaining to various employees across different sectors in relation to collective agreements. The union recently rejected the offer made by the Portage Collage Employers by a wide margin of its members and launched a bargaining survey. The bargaining committee is continuing bargaining in a positive tone in relation to Elizabeth Heath Care at St. Thomas Heath Center. The election for the union is going to take place and the union has invited its members in relation to a pre-election forum ("AUPE | Alberta Union of Provincial Employees", 2017). How the issues are addressed The union has diverse strategies to address issues which it has been facing currently. Strategies such as strikes, government lobbying, initiating awareness and education plans for its members and emphasizing on unity. The union acts in the best interest of the employees and ensures that the employer does not treat them in an unfair manner (Smith, 2016). Social issue the union works on The union addresses any issue which is faced by the employees at their specific work place which may include Gender equality, discrimination, revising unfair laws and ensuring fair remuneration to the employees. The union also works on social issues such as poverty and providing a proper work life balance to the employees to ensure their personal development ("AUPE | Alberta Union of Provincial Employees", 2017). Personal observation Yes I would want to be a member for this union. This is because the union fights and stands up for what is right and protect ant employee from being treated unfairly by the employer in the work place. the union ensures that fair remuneration is provide to its members and their rights and bargaining power in the work place is maintained. References AUPE | Alberta Union of Provincial Employees. (2017). AUPE.org. Retrieved 27 September 2017, from https://www.aupe.org/ Aupe. Org, (2017). Retrieved 27 September 2017, from https://www.aupe.org/news/wildcat-strike-timeline Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada, Romanow, R. J. (2002).Commission on the future of health care in Canada. Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada. Selby, J. (2015). Delaying, Disarming, and Deceiving the Union: The Lougheed Government, Alberta Government Employees, and the Public Service Employee Relations Act, 1977.Labour/Le Travail,75(1), 75-100. Smith, G. (2016). Please find enclosed copies of the Alberta Union of Provincial Employees' submission.

Organizational Culture and Managerial Decisions

Introduction Culture refers to beliefs, values, and code of behavior upheld by a community that distinguishes that community from other communities. Organizational culture therefore refers to values, norms, principles, assumptions and patterns of behavior that distinguish one organization from another one.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Effects of Organizational Culture on Managerial Decisions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Understanding different cultures and their influence on business performance is very important. Management on the other hand refers to the process of managing people in order to accomplish set goals and objectives using available resources in an efficient and effective manner. Management tasks involve planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling (Connolly, 2008). This essay explains the effects of organizational culture on managerial decisions and how culture can influ ence managers to make decisions. Effects of Organization Culture on Managerial Decision The effect that organizational culture has on managerial decisions depends on whether the organization has a strong or a weak culture. Organizational culture determines the decision making process as well as decision making speed. Some cultures permit all employees to participate in the decision making process. Other cultures only allow the management to make decisions. Those organizations that allow all employees to participate in decision making process, might take long to make decisions due to the lengthy process. However, such decisions are likely to be effective since they incorporate different ideas from different people (Connolly, 2008). Organizational culture determines the kind of employees that an organization will hire. The culture that exists determines who should be hired by the organization. Clear guidelines are written down to specify qualifications required for a specific job. Goo d criteria exist for recruitment, selection, promotion, lying off as well as retirement. In this case, the management has to comply with the criteria (Robbins, 2003). Organizational culture determines the level of formalization. Formalization in this case means the extent to which written rules and procedures are followed in an organization. Organizational cultures with high degree of formalization make it easy for management to regulate. This is because there is a clear outline of how one is expected to carry himself/herself out, and so the employees strictly follow rules (Robbins, 2003). Organizational culture determines the level of empowerment in an organization. Some cultures allow the low level employees to make decisions on their own whenever necessary as long as the decisions are in line with the set goals and objectives of the organization. This means that, the top management is not the only authority allowed to make decisions but also other lower level employees. However, these decisions have to be approved by the top management (Robbins, 2003).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organizational culture may hinder change. A culture that is too rigid may hinder effective implementation of change. This is because employees may not be willing to incorporate new changes due to fears of, for instance, loosing their jobs. This means that the efforts of the top management to implement changes might not be effective (Robbins, 2003). Organizational culture determines the kind of relationship that exists within an organization. When there is good relationship between low level employees and top management or between employees in different departments, then the working place is freed of unnecessary tension creating a good and productive working place in the organization. As a result, the top management decisions will always consider the low level e mployees and consequently there will be motivation and loyalty of all employees in the organization. This means that everyone will work hard towards the achievement of organizational goals and objectives. Influence of Organizational culture on Decision Making Organizational culture may give a manager more room for authoritative style of leadership. A culture that only allows the top management to make decisions will give room for authoritative leadership. This is because it is only the managers who make decisions and so the opinion of other low level employees may not be taken into consideration. The low level employees will have to obey the orders from top management without questioning. This may not be favorable at all. Organizational culture can also influence managers to be role models. In cultures where leaders walk their talk, managers always strive to maintain good conducts. They will reinforce the desired values by the way they act or behave (National Defense University, n.d .). Organizational culture can empower the manager to reward those who excel and punish those who disobey the set rules and regulations of an organization. When a certain culture gives criteria on the behaviors that should be awarded as well as behaviors that should be punished, it becomes an empowerment for the manager to take the right action in accordance with the criteria (National Defense University, n.d.). Conclusion Organizational culture has a big influence on managerial decisions as the culture determines the success of decisions made and their effectiveness. It is therefore important for managers who make everyday decision to understand the culture of an organization and see if the culture helps the organization to achieve its goal. The management should also create a better working environment to enable a good culture.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Effects of Organizational Culture on Managerial Decisions specifically for you fo r only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Connolly, C. (2008). Organizational Culture. Nei Associates. Retrieved from: http://neiassociates.org/ National Defense University. (n.d.). Strategic leadership and decision making: organizational culture. Air University. Retrieved from: http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ndu/strat-ldr-dm/pt4ch16.html#top Robbins, S. (2003). Organizational behavior: organizational culture. Slide Share. Retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/itsvineeth209/ch18-organizational-culture This research paper on Effects of Organizational Culture on Managerial Decisions was written and submitted by user Donte T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Women and Literature Essays

Women and Literature Essays Women and Literature Essay Women and Literature Essay The book under consideration goes by the name of â€Å"The Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands† and was written by the rather infamous author by the name of Mary Seacole. Basically, what is to be presented here from the book is the fact that Seacole presented her help during the Crimean war which was rejected on the base of her race, as the times back then were very biased. The book was written by her in the year 1857 and presents to the readers an extremely interesting autobiography of a Jamaican woman, who came to be known as a rival of Florence Nightingale all the way through the period of the Crimean War. During the war she had presented the offer of helping out as a nurse and that too voluntarily but her offer was rejected completely on the base of her race. Impervious, Seacole got started autonomously to the Crimea where she where she performed an outclass task as doctor as well as a mother to injured soldiers at the same time as running her big business, known as the British Hotel.An eyewitness to a great number of battles, she presents to us flamboyant accounts of how she put up with sickness, onslaught and other adversity at the Crimean battlefront, getting past the discrimination. In the introduction that has been presented to us in the Penguin edition, Sara Salih knowledgeably goes through the metaphorical complications of Seacoles book to discover the sumptuousness of her story.AnalysisVoyager, industrialist, healer as well as a woman who belonged to a rather interesting background, Mary Seacole is a remarkable and mesmerizing figure, transgressing all traditionalist limitations. Mary Seacoles standing after the Crimean War definitely contended that of her corresponding person Florence Nightingale but for a very lengthy period of time she was an over and done annotation in history, and this almost certainly was related to the fact she did not belong to a while middle class family, but was as a substitute the progeny of two race s, her father being a Scottish person and her mother was a black Jamaican woman. Mary Seacole, since the time of her birth was a born healer as well as a woman who had remarkable energy, and with these skills she triumphed over bureaucrat unresponsiveness and ethnic prejudice as she endeavored to prove her significance as a Nurse on equivalence with Nightingale herself. Seacole voyaged extensively before arriving in London, where her proposal to help as a nurse in the war was met with discrimination and snub.Seacole made efforts completely on her own without taking help from anyone and went out to the battlefield, and she put her life at risk to bring console to the injured and dying armed forces; and turned into one of the first black woman to make a blot on British communal life.But at the same time as Florence Nightingale has worn-out in times gone by, Mary Seacole was downgraded to murkiness until very lately.The book under consideration is one that tells us in her own words abo ut her travels, her occurrence, and her life as a lady in color living in a time of prejudice, narrow-mindedness and racial detestation. The book definitely is a very good read and presents to the readers in its many pages a woman of bravery and ethical assurance that whatever she did all the way through her life and every step that she took was right. She did no wrong. It can be said that with her efforts Mary Seacole optimized the Crimean War in a manner that Nightingale never could achieve. This book is one that should be read in schools so that everyone could learn from her bravery. Mary Seacole is to a certain extent an indefinable stature for the reason that she never got to retain any official appointments as well as due to the fact that she did not leave behind a great body of printed works. As has been mentioned previously this book written by her was first published in 1857.As known to all, Mary Seacole was born in Kingston, Jamaica in the year1805. She was the daughter of a Scottish army officer and her mother was a liberated black woman who held up the responsibility of a boarding house in Kingston. Marys mother also helped out people who were sick. Later on all of her knowledge was passed on to Mary who later also turned into a doctress.In the year 1850 Kingston was smacked by a cholera epidemic. Mary Seacole, with her herbal medicines, played an imperative function in dealing with this sickness. She also compacted productively with a yellow fever eruption in Jamaica. Her distinction as a medical practitioner cultivated and she was soon performing operations on people who had knife and gunshot injury. During one trip to Panama she helped take care of people throughout an additional cholera epidemic. Mary performed an autopsy on one casualty and was as a result gifted to learn further about the way the disease assaulted the body.Later on in the year 1853 Russia invaded Turkey. Britain and France, worried about the increasing power of Russia, went t o Turkeys support. This divergence came to be known as the Crimean War.At the time when the Crimean war took place in the Crimea, some of the divisions from Jamaica were hurled there to brawl. Correspondents, like Times journalist, William H. Russell, wrote back reports related to the horrifying state of affairs for the unwell and injured. Nearly twenty thousand British soldiers died during the Crimean war out of which only about three thousand died in the battle field while the remaining seventeen thousand died due to the break out of diseases over there. Recruitment took place and Florence Nightingale was taken upon so as to put in order and educate nurses to toil in the armed forces hospitals of the Crimea. As soon as Mary Seacole heard about the conditions that were taking place, she believed that her familiarity with tropical diseases was fundamental to Britains war labors.As Mary was very fond of her boys coming from Jamaica, she wished to adhere to the contingents she was fam iliar with from Kingston in Sebastopol. Gathering all of the fulsome letters of commendation from armed forces doctors in Jamaica, Seacole came into London in the year 1854. she started off by applying to the War Office for the position of hospital nurse since in her own terms she said, â€Å"knowing that I was well fitted for the work, and would be the right woman in the right place (Seacole, p. 123). This was the first time when her assistance was rejected on the base of her race. After that she submitted an application at a range of military offices as well as at Florence Nightingales institute. Even though there was an enormous scarcity of appropriate women to depart to the Crimea as nurses, her application was rejected by everyone. As a final point, acrimoniously dissatisfied that not a soul seemed to desire the aid she was generously offering, Mary wrote in her biography, â€Å"Doubts and suspicion rose in my heart for the first and last time, thank Heaven. Was it possible t hat American prejudices against color had some root here? Did these ladies shrink from accepting my aid because my blood flowed beneath a somewhat duskier skin than theirs† (Seacole, p. 126).Disinclined to acknowledge trounce, Mary took on a business called the British Hotel, not many miles from the battlefront. This was the place where she vended food and drink to the British soldiers. By this way she was able to gather money so as to pay for the medical healing she provided to the soldiers (Seaton, P.1).ConclusionIn the light of the above discussion we can hereby culminate that Mary Seacole was a very learned person, but was declined to be taken up in Florence Nightingales team due to her ethnicity which was not linked to a middle class white family.

Business Ethics Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business Ethics - Article Example Cremer and Bettignies contend that the reality and misconceptions about business ethics is frequently not â€Å"pragmatic,† as business are usually unclear about the particulars of their operations (De Cremer & de Bettignies, 2013). At the same time, the article explores the effects of this ambiguity in business practices. Businesspersons are motivated by indirect expectations and norms that can direct them towards violating ethical conduct (De Cremer & de Bettignies, 2013). The fact that this motivation makes up ordinary business today compels Cremer and Bettignies to accept a degree of ethical disconnection. Research proves that some level of overall tolerance that businesspersons will behave according to indirect presumptions of competition and greed. Business is a difficult game, and violation of ethics do occur, which make up the entire time. The pragmatism of business ethics revolves around two prevalent observations. First, it is acceptable to stretch business limits but not violate legal boundaries. Second, morals entail â€Å"grey zones,† which makes it difficult for businesses to assume responsibility (De Cremer & de Bettignies, 2013). Businesses consult current laws and regulations to learn that is unacceptable legally. This approach is beneficial in the sense that a business can practice what the law does not spell out as unacceptable. This outlook of stretching legal limits successfully blurs businesses ethical limits and raises the opportunities that organizations ultimately cross legal boundaries. In the process, an entirely new reality is formed centered on missing data (De Cremer & de Bettignies, 2013). This gap successfully lies to organizational stockholders about the business’ true practices. Impractical business practices persist even when businesspersons know stretching the legal limit creates ambiguity in business ethics. More opportunities to lie to shareholders, consumers, the government, and the community correspondingly

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 53

Essay Example As the president of America, it was the duty of Nixon to justify this war to calm down the sentiments of the people. The major problem addressed in this speech by Nixon was the growing protests against Vietnam War in America which is evident from the following words. I believe that one of the reasons for the deep division about Vietnam is that many Americans have lost confidence in what their Government has told them about our policy. The American people cannot and should not be asked to support a policy which involves the overriding issues of war and peace unless they know the truth about that policy (Nixon). Nixon wanted to eradicate the rumours and controversies spreading about this war among the Americans. Nixon realised that a government in a democratic country needs to work in line with the interests of the people. In other words, in democratic countries like America, the ultimate power lies in the hands of the people since the people elect the government. Nixon used Ethos, Pathos, Logos, and Mythos extensively throughout this speech. Ethos or the character of Nixon is evident from the following words; â€Å"For the United States this first defeat in our nation’s history would result in a collapse of confidence in American leadership not only in Asia but throughout the world† (Nixon). Nixon was not ready to accept defeat in Vietnam. He was of the view that America’s inability to eradicate communism from Vietnam may perceive as a weakness of America by the external world. Pathos is the emotional persuasion. â€Å"After all, we became involved in the war while my predecessor was in office. I could blame the defeat, which would be the result of my action, on him -- and come out as the peacemaker† (Nixon). Nixon was ready to accept the responsibilities of this war which is evident from the words mentioned above. He reminds the public that it was easy for him to spread his image as a peacemaker by staying away

Questions for Dr.Faustus Essay Example for Free

Questions for Dr.Faustus Essay Essay Questions for Doctor Faustus First complete draft, following MLA format, due Tuesday, Nov. 22. Be sure to have citations and a work cited. Dont forget that with poetry (some of Faustus is poetry, some is prose), you put act, scene, and line numbers in citations (4. 3. 19-22). You also put slash marks between lines. For example, here is a section from Act 4, scene 4, lines 100-101 of the play: Faustus. Whats here, an ambush to betray my life? skill. Base peasants, stand! Then Faustus, try thy If I quoted this in my paper I might put it like this: When soldiers approach Faustus, he says, Whats here, an ambush to betray my life? / Then Faustus, try thy skill (4. 4. 100-101). 1 . Can Faustus be both a hero and a villain? Guilty and good? Is there evidence in the text to support these views? 2. Discuss the theme of forbidden knowledge. What type of knowledge does Faustus want and why? 3. Discuss the themes of free will and predestination in the play. Is Faustus predestined to damnation? Why or why not? Is there a point of no return in Faustuss progress toward damnation? 4. The quest for forbidden knowledge usually leads the hero to corruption and a fall. How does Faustuss quest degrade him? How does he use his new power and knowledge? 5. What is the purpose of the sequence in the Popes palace? How is the Pope a double for Faustus? 6. Doctor Faustus is considered a tragedy. In Poetics, Aristotle proposes the classical definition of tragedy: a drama with a hero. According to his definition, would you consider Faustus a tragic hero? Does he have heroic qualities? What is his tragic flaw? Do you pity Faustus? Does his downfall evoke terror? 7. According to Dr. Arnold Schmidt of Vanderbilt University, Marlowes story illustrates the Renaissances prevalent belief that art should teach and delight, that is, be entertaining while simultaneously presenting a moral. In an essay discuss the following questions. Do you see Doctor Faustus as an art form that both teaches and delights the audience while simultaneously presenting a moral? Why or why not?

Americas New War :: Politics Government Essays

America's New War America is currently at war against some intangible entity called Terrorism. I know that seems like and unnecessary statement of the obvious, but sometimes I feel the need to be reminded of the fact that we are really fighting a war. It is almost laughable how easy it is to avoid thinking about â€Å"America’s New War†. How can a nation go to war without the involvement of its population? The American public is not being asked to unite in support of our troops overseas; there has been no request for sacrifice or conservation of resources. Instead, we are being urged to consume, travel, and go on with our routine lives. According to an article titled, â€Å"Our World War†, by Jonathan Rowe, â€Å"the advertising industry has wracked its clever brains to conjure from the ashes of the World Trade Center an upbeat buying mood† (Adbusters Jan/Feb 2002 no. 39). The world has changed and we are asked to return to life as usual. I find this concern with consumer confidence somehow incongruent with the events that are taking place in Afghanistan right now. The economy is, without a doubt, a defining characteristic of the American way of life, and a weakened economy would jeopardize its stability and security. "’Sept. 11 dealt a very serious blow to the economy, demonstrating the cost of inaction,’ says White House spokeswoman Claire Buchan. New security measures are needed ‘for the sake of the economy and the safety of the American people’" (Ramstack). Our economic stability should be monitored and increased security measures should be taken after an attack like the one on September 11th. However, I feel a lack of concern for the lives that are at stake in the Middle East. I have to question whether our economic status is more important than the thousands of soldiers that are engaged in the war abroad. So much emphasis has been placed on the continuation of the â⠂¬Å"American Dream†, that after the drama of the attack wore off, the American unity and mobilization have been directed towards malls and car dealerships. Maybe someone can explain to me how my next purchase will benefit those sacrificing lives on the front lines.

Effects of the Colombian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange effected Europe and the Americas similarly and differently in environmental ways such as crops and in demographic ways such as diseases. The Columbian Exchange involved the transfer of lots of people, the exchange of crops, animals and resources that went between the New and Old World. European explorers came over to the Americas and brought things that ultimately helped the Natives to prosper such as new farming techniques, hunting, fighting, and city building these were some of the more demographic effects.Europe also affected the Americas environmentally by bringing foods such as wheat, rye, barley, oats and millet. Just like Europeans, the Americans helped to bring new plants, vegetables, and fruits back to the old world such as corn, tomatoes, and coco beans. Another demographic effect of the Columbian Exchange was diseases. When Europeans explorers came to the Americas they introduced new diseases such as tuberculosis, measles, cholera, typhus, and smallp ox.Of all the exchanges between the Native Americans and Europeans, disease had the most impact. Native Americans also gave the Europeans diseases as well such as Syphilis. The European explorers then brought that disease back to Europe killing many Europeans in the process. The Americans attracted more disease than the Europeans because a majority of the diseases that the Europeans brought over they were already immune to, but the Americans were not. This was a major difference and was the reason for a majority of Native American deaths.An environmental difference between Europe and the Americans was that European explorers brought new cattle over to the New World. The natives had never seen or used European cattle before such as horses, cows, buffalo, and pigs. Many Native Americans abandoned agricultural for the nomadic lifestyle because hunting Buffalo made them far richer. An environmental difference was that New World food was far more caloric than Old World food, so the popul ation doubled. Corn and potatoes could now grow in soil that was useless for Old World crops.Also deforestation occurred in the Americas where it did not occur in Europe. This essentially harmed the environment. People were now beginning to leave Europe and repopulate the New World. The Europeans were able to affect the Europeans demographically by converting mass amounts of Natives to Christianity in the New World. However, Native Americans were not able to convert a large amount of Europeans to their belief. The effects of the Columbian Exchange were overall terrible for the Native Americans and very beneficial to Europeans in the Old World. Effects of the Colombian Exchange The Columbian Exchange effected Europe and the Americas similarly and differently in environmental ways such as crops and in demographic ways such as diseases. The Columbian Exchange involved the transfer of lots of people, the exchange of crops, animals and resources that went between the New and Old World. European explorers came over to the Americas and brought things that ultimately helped the Natives to prosper such as new farming techniques, hunting, fighting, and city building these were some of the more demographic effects.Europe also affected the Americas environmentally by bringing foods such as wheat, rye, barley, oats and millet. Just like Europeans, the Americans helped to bring new plants, vegetables, and fruits back to the old world such as corn, tomatoes, and coco beans. Another demographic effect of the Columbian Exchange was diseases. When Europeans explorers came to the Americas they introduced new diseases such as tuberculosis, measles, cholera, typhus, and smallp ox.Of all the exchanges between the Native Americans and Europeans, disease had the most impact. Native Americans also gave the Europeans diseases as well such as Syphilis. The European explorers then brought that disease back to Europe killing many Europeans in the process. The Americans attracted more disease than the Europeans because a majority of the diseases that the Europeans brought over they were already immune to, but the Americans were not. This was a major difference and was the reason for a majority of Native American deaths.An environmental difference between Europe and the Americans was that European explorers brought new cattle over to the New World. The natives had never seen or used European cattle before such as horses, cows, buffalo, and pigs. Many Native Americans abandoned agricultural for the nomadic lifestyle because hunting Buffalo made them far richer. An environmental difference was that New World food was far more caloric than Old World food, so the popul ation doubled. Corn and potatoes could now grow in soil that was useless for Old World crops.Also deforestation occurred in the Americas where it did not occur in Europe. This essentially harmed the environment. People were now beginning to leave Europe and repopulate the New World. The Europeans were able to affect the Europeans demographically by converting mass amounts of Natives to Christianity in the New World. However, Native Americans were not able to convert a large amount of Europeans to their belief. The effects of the Columbian Exchange were overall terrible for the Native Americans and very beneficial to Europeans in the Old World.

Photosynthesis Pigments Plant - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2379 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Biology Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Lab Four: Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis Part A Table 4.1: Distance Moved by Pigments Band (millimetres) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Photosynthesis Pigments Plant" essay for you Create order Band Number Distance (mm) Band Colour 1. 15 Yellow 2. 35 Yellow 3. 73 Green 4. 172 Olive Green 5. Distance Solvent Front Moved 180 (mm) Table 4.2: .083334= Rf for Carotene (yellow to yellow orange) .194445= Rf for Xanthophyll (yellow) .405556= Rf for Chlorophyll a (bright green to blue green) .955556= Rf for Chlorophyll b (yellow green to olive green) Analysis Page 47-48 (1-3) What factors are involved in the separation of the pigments? The factors that are involved in the separation of the pigments are the pigments solubility, the formation of the intermolecular bonds, and the size of each individual pigment particle. Since capillary action is the method by which the solvent moves up the strip of paper, the attraction of the molecules to the paper and to each other molecule is essentially determined by those factors. Would you expect the R value of a pigment to be the same if a different solvent were used? Explain. No, because in different solvents, the solubility of the pigments would be different causing the Rf value to be different. In different solvents, the solvent rate would be affected, and since the rate is different, the distance travelled would also be affected, causing the Rf value to also be different. What type of chlorophyll does the reaction centre contain? What are the roles of the other pigments? Chlorophyll a is contained in the reaction centre. Because it is the primary photosynthetic pigments in plants, other chlorophyll a molecules, chloroplast b, and the carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls) capture light energy and transfer it to the chlorophyll a at the reaction centre. (College Board, 46) Part B Purpose The purpose of this lab is to measure the effect of various conditions of chloroplast on the rate of photosynthesis or percentage of light transmittance. By using unboiled chloroplast in light, unboiled chloroplast in dark, and boiled chloroplast in light, DPIP was placed into each cuvette and a colorimeter was used to measure the rate of light transmittance. Since DPIP is the electron acceptor, as there is more light present, the DPIP absorbs more elections thus reducing the DPIP. Eventually the reduction causes the DPIP to change colour from a deep blue to a clear or opaque colour. Variables Independent Variable The independent variable in this lab is the different forms/conditions of the chloroplast. These include boiled chloroplast in light, unboiled chloroplast in light, and unboiled chloroplast in dark. Dependent Variable The dependent variable in this lab is the rate/ level of light transmittance over a period of time measured by the colorimeter. From this data we can determine the rate of photosynthesis because as the DPIP becomes excited and reduced by the electrons, the colour changes indicating the rate of photosynthesis. Control Variable The control variables in this lab includes the type of cuvette, size of cuvette, type of buffer used, amount of phosphate buffer used (1mL), and the time intervals (min) used to measure the % or level of transmittance in the colorimeter. Measurement To measure the dependent variable, in this lab, a colorimeter and DPIP was used to determine the level of light transmittance. As the electron acceptor, DPIP was placed in each cuvette. Later after a certain interval of time, each was placed into a colorimeter which determined the level of light transmittance. As electrons were accepted, the DPIP became excited and reduced causing the color in the cuvette to also change, thus affecting the level of light transmittance as measured by the colorimeter. Hypothesis Since photosynthesis is the process by which plants, bacteria, and other autotrophic organisms obtain energy to produce sugars, the right conditions and the right environment are necessary in order to carry out this complex process. Based on prior knowledge and information from this lab, cuvette 3 will have the highest percent of light transmittance and the highest rate of photosynthesis. Since photosynthesis requires light and functional chloroplast to absorb and produce sugars, without either one, the process is interrupted and cannot function properly. Unboiled chloroplast will have a higher percent of light transmittance than boiled chloroplast because of the impact temperature has on the proteins/enzymes of the chloroplast. As high temperatures, like the boiling point, the heat generated will denature the enzymes/proteins thus reducing its effect on photosynthesis. Without functional chloroplast to absorb the energy from the light, the electrons will not be bumped t o a higher energy level and will not be able to reduce DPIP. Of the two cuvettes with unboiled chloroplast, the cuvette place in front of the light will have a higher percent of light transmittance than the cuvette placed in the dark because with light, energy can be absorbed, DPIP can be reduced, ATP can be created, and photosynthesis can be carried out. Similar to functional chloroplast, light is another essential component of photosynthesis, without light photosynthesis cannot occur. Therefore, the cuvette placed in the dark may have functional chloroplast but without light to provide the necessary energy, the reaction will either occur very slowly or not at all. Finally, the cuvette with no chloroplast will not photosynthesize at all, because without chloroplast to absorb the energy from the light, the solution will not carry out photosynthesis. Procedures First, a beaker of water was positioned between the samples and the light source which was to be the heat sink. Next, an ice bath was created to preserve the phosphate buffer and chloroplast by filling an ice bucket with ice. Then, before the cuvettes could be used, they had to be cleaned out with lint free tissue to ensure the light transmittance goes smoothly and uninterrupted. Before anymore is done with each cuvette, both boiled and unboiled chloroplast were obtained in pipettes and place in the ice bath inverted. Next, of the five cuvettes labelled 1 to 5, cuvette 2 had a foil container constructed for the sake of keeping light out of the solution. Each cuvette then received the corresponding amount of phosphate buffer, distilled water, and DPIP. The colorimeter was then set up by starting up the computer program that would read the colorimeter and was linked accordingly. The first cuvette received three drops of unboiled chloroplast, and then shaken up and placed i n the slot of the colorimeter. The first solution would be the first calibration point of reference for the colorimeter at zero percent light transmittance. Following the setting of the first calibration point, the second calibration point was also set. In cuvette 2, three drops of unboiled chloroplast was added and immediately timed with a stopwatch and the light transmittance was recorded. The same cuvette was encased with the foiled created earlier and then placed in the light. Cuvette 3 also received three drops of unboiled chloroplast at which the time and the light transmittance was also recorded. Right afterwards, the cuvette returned to the light. Cuvette 4 received three drops of boiled chloroplast at which the time and the light transmittance was also recorded. Just like cuvette 3, cuvette 4 was returned to the light. Curette 5 the control would receive no chloroplast but still has the time and light transmittance recorded. The light transmittance for each would c ontinue to be recorded at an interval of every five minutes (5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes) following the same procedure until all data had been collected. Conclusion The process of photosynthesis is described as the conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose and other organic compounds. Essential to the development of plants and animals, light from the sun or from an artificial source is necessary for this process to occur and to carry out its benefits. Having performed this lab, the results obtained supports this concept and it also supports my hypothesis. After gathering all the data, cuvette 3 did have the highest percentage of light transmittance and the fastest rate of photosynthesis. Because of the unboiled chloroplast in the cuvette absorbing the light and a light source available to provide energy to reduce the DPIP, the conditions were right for photosynthesis to occur. In cuvette 3, photosynthesis did occur because when the light shined on the unboiled chloroplast, the electrons were excited and moved to a higher energy level. This energy was then used to produce ATP and to reduce DPIP causin g the solution to change colour creating a higher and faster rate of photosynthesis/light transmittance. This cuvette essentially showed that light and chloroplast are needed in order to carry out photosynthesis. Although the graph may show the rate of photosynthesis slowing down, the reason why the curve begins to slow down and level off is not because of photosynthesis but because as the process of photosynthesis occurs, the DPIP will begin to be used up causing the reaction to slow down and level off. Cuvette 2 showed different results in that no photosynthesis occurred because there was no light present for the chloroplast to absorb and to reduce the DPIP. Photosynthesis requires light but without out light, photosynthesis could not occur causing essentially no change in the cuvette. The data table and graph does show that there were some change in the rate of photosynthesis but that occurred because since we had to take the cuvette out of the aluminium sleeve to place in the colorimeter, the DPIP broke down because of the brief exposure to the light. However, overall, the data shows that because there was no light present, photosynthesis could not occur causing no change. Cuvette 4 also showed little increase or change in the percentage of light transmittance because since the cuvette had boiled chloroplast, the high temperatures denatured the proteins/enzymes found in the chloroplast rendering them ineffective. Because the light could not be absorbed by the chloroplast, photosynthesis could not occur or it occurred at a very slow pace. Similar to cuvette 2, the date table and graph also shows that there were change in the percentage of light transmittance in cuvette 4 but because the DPIP was exposed to the light, the DPIP did break down causing a slight change in the rate of light transmittance. Essentially, this cuvette showed that chloroplast in addition to light is required for photosynthesis. Cuvette 5 also showed no change in the percentage of light transmittance because without the presence of chloroplast, the light could not be absorbed to excite the elections and to reduce the DPIP. Without the functions of chloroplast, photosynthesis could not occur because the DPIP would not be reduced and ATP would not be created. Any fluctuations in the data or graph for cuvette 5 could be explained by human or data error. Analysis Page 52-53 (1-8) What is the function of DPIP in this experiment? The function of the DPIP in this experiment is to act as the electron acceptor, replacing the usual NADP found in plants. When the light shines on the active chloroplasts, the electrons are excited, which causes them to jump to a higher energy level thus reducing the DPIP. As the DPIP is reduced, the colour changes from deep blue to colourless, which affects the rate and level of light transmittance when measured by the colorimeter. What molecule found in the chloroplasts does DPIP â€Å"replace† in this experiment? DPIP in this experiment â€Å"replaces† the electron acceptor NADP What is the source of the electrons that will reduce DPIP? When the light shines on the chloroplast, the light provides enough energy to bump the electrons to a higher energy level thus reducing the DPIP. The source of the electrons can also come from the photolysis of water. What was measured with the spectrophotometer in this experiment? The spectrophotometer in this experiment is used to measure the percentage/level of light transmittance through the cuvette based on the amount of photosynthetic activity. What is the effect of darkness on the reduction of DPIP? Explain. Because there is not an absence of light shining on the chloroplast, the DPIP could not be reduced because there was no or not enough energy to excite the electrons and move them to a higher energy level in order to reduce the DPIP. What is the effect of boiling the chloroplasts on the subsequent reduction of DPIP? Explain. Similar to the effects of darkness, by boiling the chloroplast, the proteins were denatured by the high temperatures which caused the process of photosynthesis to be slowed down and inhibited. Because the chloroplast could not absorb light and perform its job, the DPIP could not be reduced which reduced the percentage/level of transmittance. What reasons can you give for the difference in the percentage of transmittance between the live chloroplast that were incubated in the light and those that were leapt in the dark? Because light is essential for photosynthesis, the chloroplast placed in light was able to reduce DPIP and perform photosynthesis. As the chloroplast absorbed the light, the energy absorbed, pushed the electrons to a higher energy level which caused the DPIP to reduce. As the DPIP reduced, the colours changed and the rate of light transmittance was higher. In the dark chloroplast, however, because there is no energy source for the chloroplast to use and since the DPIP could not be reduced due to the lack of light energy, the percentages of light transmittance were lower. Identify the function of each of the cuvettes Cuvette 1: Cuvette 1 was used to measure how the absence of DPIP and chloroplast affected the percentage of light transmittance. This cuvette was also used to calibrate the colorimeter. Cuvette 2: Cuvette 2 was used to measure how the lack of light and unboiled chloroplast affected the percentage of light transmittance. It essentially showed how important light was to the process of photosynthesis. Cuvette 3: Cuvette 3 was used to measure how light and unboiled chloroplast affected the percentage of light transmittance. It essentially showed how light and active chloroplasts are needed to carry out the process of photosynthesis. Cuvette 4: Cuvette 4 was used to measure how light and boiled chloroplast affected the percentage of light transmittance. It essentially showed how the denatured proteins in the chloroplast prevented the light to be absorbed and the process of photosynthesis to be carried out. Cuvette 5: Cuvette 5 is the control of the experiment and is used to show how the availability of light but absence of chloroplast will prevent the process of photosynthesis from being performed and its effect on the percentage of light transmitted.